Session-01: General Virology
Virology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of viruses and viral diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of viruses. Viruses also cause serious disease in plants and livestock. Viruses have been implicated in a disease that ravages our bees, threatening natural pollination cycles and therefore much of agriculture. A major branch of virology is the classification of viruses. Viruses can be classified according to the host cell where they infect animal viruses, plant viruses, fungal viruses and bacteriophages. Viruses cause many important infectious diseases, including colds, influenza, rabies, measles, many forms of diarrhea, hepatitis, dengue, yellow fever, polio, smallpox and AIDS. Herpes simplex causes cold sores and genital herpes and is being investigated as a possible contributor to Alzheimer's disease. The study of how viruses cause disease is viral pathogenesis. The degree to which a virus causes disease is its virulence.
Session-02: Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Novel Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (COVID-19). In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections which can range from mild (common cold) to fatal (SARS, MERS and COVID-19) and recover without requiring special treatment and in birds and mammals they cause also various diseases. People with medical conditions like diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, as well as the elderly, are more likely to develop serious illness. At present, there is no specific treatment for the disease caused by a novel coronavirus.
Session-03: Molecular and Cellular Virology
Viral evolution is a sub-field of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically interested in the evolution of viruses. Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, have short generation times and relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per replication cycle for RNA viruses). Virus genomes are very small, and they are incredibly diverse and subject to rapid genetic change.
Session-04: Animal Virology
Viruses are smaller and simpler in construction than single-celled microorganisms, and they contain only one type of nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA - never both. Since viruses do not have ribosomes, mitochondria, or other organelles, they are completely dependent on their cellular hosts for energy production and protein synthesis. They replicate only in the cells of the host they infect. Animal virology has developed largely from the need to control viral diseases in humans and their pets. Viruses, like other infectious agents, enter the animal's body through one of its surfaces. They then spread locally on one of the body's surfaces or through lymphatic and blood vessels to produce a systemic infection. Iridoviruses and African swine fever virus, adenovirus, papillomavirus and polyomavirus, herpesvirus are among the main viruses causing disease in cattle. At least one major disease of every domestic animal species except sheep is caused by a herpesvirus, including important diseases such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, pseudorabies and Marek's disease. However, there are several approaches for their prevention, control and eradication. The most generally useful control measure is the use of vaccines.
Session-05: Clinical and Diagnostic Virology
Diagnosis of any probable viral infection using a variety of tests such as specific, assorted or conventional tests to identify the responsible virus. Multiple methods are used for laboratory diagnosis to probe for viral infections, including serology, viral culture, antigen detection, and nucleic acid detection. Due to various technological developments, we see that high-end and quite impressive immunological and molecular diagnostic tests are being developed to provide more accurate results and to detect the type and number of viruses, as well as to identify their pathogenicity. This field provides specific recommendations for the diagnostic approach of clinically important viral infections.
Session-06: Viral Immunology
Viral immunology is simply the study of immune responses to viruses. A prolonged tissue damaging effect resulting from an immune reaction against viruses is considered to be immunopathology. Such situations most often involve persistent viruses, which themselves are often mildly cytodestructive in the absence of an immune response. Chronic tissue damage initiated by viruses can also lead to the development of a self-reactive and sometimes oncogenic response.
Session-07: Anti-Retroviral Therapy
Antiretroviral therapy refers to treatment for HIV that uses a combination of two or more antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral therapy revolutionized HIV treatment since its introduction in 1996. Antiretroviral therapy is an effective treatment for HIV. It does not cure the disease, but it can lower the viral load to undetectable levels. This means that the virus is not transmitted through sexual activity and a person's immune system can be restored. It usually takes about 3 to 6 months for the viral load to reach undetectable levels.
Session-08: Pediatric Viral Infectious Diseases
Infections caused by viruses are universal in childhood and adolescence. Clinicians will regularly treat children and adolescents with infections caused by a large number of viral pathogens. These infections have varied presentations. Many infections can have clinical presentations specific to the infecting virus but present differently depending on the age and immunocompetence of the patient. Some children are directly affected early in life when maternal disease results in infection in utero (cytomegalovirus, rubella virus or parvovirus B19). Other viruses can infect children in a predictable pattern as they get older (rhinoviruses or influenza viruses).
Session-09: Antiviral Drug Discovery and Development
Viruses are intracellular pathogens that have developed many devious strategies to evade host immune responses and, therefore, have harmed human health throughout history. Fighting viral diseases with vaccines or antivirals, or both, is a constant challenge. Even when effective strategies are discovered and employed, the high rate of genetic change exhibited by many viruses, especially RNA viruses, often allows drug resistance or vaccine escape. This is aggravated by the periodic emergence of new viral pathogens.
Session-10: Viral Vaccines
Vaccines are among the most effective health approaches to protect the individual against viral disease, with two of the most effective vaccines in the world being against smallpox and poliovirus. Viral vaccines are a combination of inactivated viruses and activated viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, they do not have the ability to replicate and elicit a response if they contain an antigen. Activated or live vaccines contain the living form of the virus. Currently, Virus like particles is organizing a new concept of vaccine. These particles are made up of self-assembled structural proteins of the virus that can trigger an immune response, but because they lack the genetic material of the virus, safer vaccines are underway, with research on the rational development of a tri-layered virus as a particulate rotavirus vaccine using the baculovirus insect cell system as a production platform.
Session-11: Plant and Agricultural Virology
The epidemiology of plant viral diseases concerns the cyclical development of viral diseases within plant populations over time and space. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects a wide variety of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the nightshade family. In the viral life cycle, viral entry is the emerging stage of infection, as the virus invades the host cell and causes viral material to enter the cell.
Session-12: Viral Oncology
Viral oncology is a subdivision of oncology, in which it relates to the treatment of human cancers / tumors with viral particles. About 20% of all cancers in the world are due to chronic infections, in particular, up to 15% of human cancers are characterized by a viral etiology with a higher incidence in developing countries. Certainly, the infectious nature of some tumors has important implications for their prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In the 21st century, research in the field of viral oncology continues to be dynamic, with significant and original new studies on viral oncogenesis and as translational research from virology for the treatment of cancer.
Session-13: STD & HIV/ AIDS and Emerging Viral Diseases
The human immunodeficiency virus is a loan virus that causes infection with HIV and AIDS. The diagnosis of HIV is made by testing your blood or saliva for antibodies against the virus. HIV / AIDS clinical trials are research studies done to get a better understanding of, distinguish or treat HIV / AIDS. Clinical trials are the predominant means of determining whether new medical approaches to HIV / AIDS are safe and effective in humans.
Session-14: Respiratory viral diseases
Recently, one of the most common viral infections is respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract infections include infections of the sinuses, throat, respiratory tract, or lungs. Respiratory Tract Infections (ITR) is generally classified into two sub-divisions as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI). The viruses which are associated with respiratory disorders are adenovirus, para influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, coxsackie virus, human metapneumovirus.
Session-15: Gastrointestinal viral diseases
Viral gastroenteritis is an infection of the intestines characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever. The most common way to get viral gastroenteritis - often called the stomach flu - is coming into contact with an infected person or swallowing contaminated food or water. If you are otherwise healthy, you will likely recover without complications. But for infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be fatal. There is no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is essential. Along with avoiding food and water that can be contaminated, thorough and frequent hand washing is your best defense.
Session-16: Hepatic viral diseases
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Many diseases and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases. Many viruses, for example the virus that causes mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus, can inflame the liver. However, most viruses do not primarily attack the liver; the liver is just one of the many organs that viruses affect. There are several hepatitis viruses; they were named types A, B, C, D, E, F (unconfirmed) and G. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B and C. Reference to hepatitis viruses is often produced in abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, and HCV represent hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, respectively.
Session-17: Neurologic viral diseases
Neurological viral diseases are the most important area which signifies the connection of clinical neuroscience, virology, immunology and molecular biology. The main objective of this field is to study viruses that can infect the nervous system. Without it, there is further study of this division, the use of certain viruses to map out neuroanatomical pathways, for gene therapy, and to eliminate harmful populations of neural cells.
